Relationship Between Social Capital And Political...

Topic Democracies have been established in many different regions worldwide, from Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America to North America. These governments always face concerns regarding the citizenry’s political participation, as it is the core of their ideals. Without the engagement of a vast number of individuals, the different processes of self-governance may decay and be left vulnerable to authoritarian control. But what constitutes political participation? Where do citizens harness their will to become engaged in the process? Tocqueville’s analysis of associations can be linked to the concept of social capital, which will help us understand the trends of political participation among United States citizens. This paper will examine themes including Tocqueville’s arguments on associations and its connection to social capital, decline of social capital, and the use of social media (as a form of social capital) in the 21st century through a Tocquevillean frame. H owever, others may argue that Tocqueville’s analysis on associations hardly explains the relationship between social capital and political participation. In order to fully understand the possible connection, important key terms must be defined on associations, social capital, political participation and social media. According to Tocqueville, associations unite Americans of all ages, conditions and minds to support a cause or shed light on an issue (Tocqueville). Putnam defined social capital as â€Å"civic engagementShow MoreRelatedSocial Capital : An Organization And The Power Of Action Of Individuals With Common Goals1472 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Capital Social capital is a set of relationship rules between the parties that make up a society. These rules define the participation, the organization and the power of action of individuals with common goals. Although the concept of Social Capital is not new, it became known only from the work of Robert Putnam, published in 1993: Making Democracy Work: Civic Tradition in Modern Italy. Initially the concept had been defined as a set of social relations marked by goodwill and friendlinessRead MorePotentials Of The Civil Society And Caveats1594 Words   |  7 PagesPotentials of the civil society and caveats Utilization of the social spaces created by the CSOs does not all imply that it can result to women empowerment. Civil society visibly creates spaces that offers opportunity for women to be part of the local politics and development but achieving empowerment still depends on how they perform and negotiate in the spaces. In most cases, women’s participation in the CSOs does not challenge patriarchal controls. As shown by Mudege and Kwangwari (2013), resourcesRead MoreCivil Society : A Necessary Condition For Democratization1136 Words   |  5 PagesDespite its role as a necessary condition for democratization, civil society only constitutes one half of the dichotomy of sociopolitical development; social capital represents the second half. The level of social capital, which occupies the role of currency used to invest in civil society, determines the efficacy and nature of civil society in a new democracy. In order to successfully transition to a democracy, three necessary cond itions must be met: the first condition of democracy today is thatRead MoreHuman Capital Accumulation And Reducing Inequality1270 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamentally connected to building human capital accumulation and reducing inequality. However, the previous examination of Bolsa Familia has shown there is no significant improvement in indicators of nutrition, growth, anaemia and cognitive development among the recipients of Bolsa Familia. Thus, to assure CCT programmes will contribute to eventual outcomes of human capital accumulation requires an extension of CCT programs towards the quality of provision in social services, particularly those whichRead MoreUnited States Election Project Headed By Dr. Michael Mcdonald At University Of Florida961 Words   |  4 Pagesminorities, to exercise the right to vote. In recent history, there has been a reported decrease in voter turnout for both minor and major elections such as mid-term and presidential elections. Some of the causes for this decrease are inequality, social capital and election day conditions; all of which minorities are subject to. Most of whom we consider to be regular voters,or those that are sure to vote, are wealthy, older, educated, white, and church attending people. They are usually more involvedRead MoreWhy Social Capitol Is Important For The United States Of Canadian Political Affairs1398 Words   |  6 PagesCanadian political affairs. This will help Canadian society in the long term as it allows for a clearer understanding on how it is that their marginalized immigrant populous desires to be represented. Canada’s diverse population has various needs, and ethnic minorities are amalgamated as outliers as they continue to experience various forms of persistent inequality in the shape of social exclusion (and more specifically, social capitol). The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate why social capitolRead MoreHealth And Social Policy : An Overarching Policy Objective1480 Words   |  6 Pages 2139283B Health and Social Policy in Contemporary Context (Level Three) MA Health and Social Policy 2015 Karen Wright 3000 words In what ways are communitarian frameworks such as social capital useful for understanding and addressing social problems? Critically assess its suitability as an overarching policy objective. This essay aims to critically analyse the use of social capital as a policy objective in relation to tackling re-offending criminalRead MoreSouth Kore A Case Of Successful Late Development Under State Authoritarianism Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesperceived as a highly corrupt due to the strong relationship between the state and Chaebol (big business). The era of rapid industrialisation and the strong relationship between the state and the Chaebol contributed to the uncertainty of the state-business relationship between social circles (Thirkell-White: 2002). As the Chaebol and the state were heavily interdependent; the Chaebol were significant providers of welfare, in return for financing the political functions of the state. Eventually, the ChaebolRead MoreA Student s Cultural Capital Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesA student’s cultural capital will have an impact on their education. It will either be positive or it can be negative for the child. In this essay I will explai n the idea of cultural capital and then use it to analyse the impact it has had on education in different settings. The first educational setting I will discuss is a story called Butterflies, written by Patricia Grace (2002), and the second being the contrast in education between high and low decile schools in New Zealand. This essay willRead MoreThe Participatory Irrigation Management Policy1261 Words   |  6 Pagesselected case study investigates the relationship of community (farmers) participation in policy formation towards rural development of Sri Lana. In this case (Merrey et al., 1992) the alternative approaches to encourage public participation was highlighted aiming rural development by participation in irrigation management. Both the government and NGO’s (non-governmental organisations) jointly implemented a series of activities for enhancing farmer participation in irrigation management. It has been

Critical Analysis of Problems and Issues in Education...

The School Voucher program was designed to give families a choice about where their children could go to school. The program offered a fixed dollar amount each year to put toward a child’s tuition. Their choices ranged from private or parochial schools, these are schools that many of these children may not experience otherwise. Charter schools were also options because they are run much like private schools. The thought behind voucher programs is that a sense of competition would be created. The hope is that a higher educational output and an improved level of education would be provided. Proponents of the program believe that children from poor public school districts should have the same opportunity for quality education as kids in†¦show more content†¦Although, the system would help some students they would not help them all, vouchers are offered in limited numbers. As each state works through this political quagmire, the debate continues. School vouchers are not the savior to public education that they set out to be, as long as the vouchers are not offered to everyone equally. Funding to public education continues to be under siege so allocating funding toward a voucher program that everyone can not access may not be the best use of these dollars. The assumption that a sense of competition may develop among schools for the best and the brightest may be true but what about schools that can not compete. What happens to the children that will be left behind? Is the federal government prepared to improve public schools that are suffering from lack of funds? â€Å"School voucher programs undermine two great American traditions: universal public education and the separation of church and state† (Anti-Defamation League, 2005). While researching the voucher system this writer found that there are several factors to take into consideration such as: is the use of funds for the voucher program the best use of educational funds, what happens to the kids left behind in the public schools who do not get a voucher or can not afford to take advantage of the option,Show MoreRelatedCritical Opinion On Critical Thinking1401 Words   |  6 Pagesface various challenges that require solutions. Most of the time we are able to solve these problems with minimum effort, at other times, however, the problems may be more complex and solutions to them may not be readily available. This will present us with various challenges and may require us to employ critical thinking. Critical thinking is an important skill burden of responsibility of ensuring the problems of a contemporary society are understood and well interpreted and a solution presented. AsRead MoreTechnological Advancements Changed The Lives Of Americans Essay1586 W ords   |  7 PagesNumerous technological advancements changed the lives of Americans. The latest digital age has presented us with an abundance of opportunities to learn and advance from. New technological advances increases the need for higher level thinking and problem solving in the twenty-first century. The job of new technological advances is not to replace a teacher, but to enhance and create new experiences though them. In Project Classroom Makeover, author Cathy Davidson, claims that the current educationalRead MoreClassification And Interpretation Of Research Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesobjectives and answer the questions (Cooper Schindler, 2013). critical analysis of each definition Similarities are: Data collection, result finding. Differences are: It can be in systematic way or the person who is doing research, by his way. Conclusion is: The definition are written in different ways but the meanings are same. 2b. The relationship between research and problem solving is; :-The relationship here is that if problems in a particular firm or organisation arises it has to be solvedRead MoreEssay on EDU701 COURSE1519 Words   |  7 PagesEDU701 Education and Human Development Semester: Sep 2013 Year: 2013 Phone: 03-55227401 Core Person /Instructor: Associate Prof. Dr. Ros Aizan Yahaya Email: dr.rosyahaya@gmail.com Office Hours By Appointment Texts Fagerlind, Ingemar and Saha, Lawrence, J. (1986). Education and National Development: A Comparative Perspective, New York: Pergamon Press. Ohmahe, Kenichi (1991), Beyond National Borders, Tokyo: Bantam Books. Olson, David, R. (Ed) Torrance, N. (Ed) (1999). Handbook of Education andRead MoreCritical Analysis On The Philosophy Of Control1478 Words   |  6 PagesAPPLY YOUR SKILLS 1 APPLY YOUR SKILLS 2 Apply Your Skills: Case for Critical Analysis Learner Name Kaplan University GM501-01: Management Theories and Practices II Dr. Carrie A. O?Hare February 10, 2016 Five Stars: Critical Analysis on the Philosophy of Control Introduction The new Teacher Evaluation System implemented by the State Department of Education is in question. There are issues with the like lack of accuracy and unfair evaluation practice because of excessive powerRead MoreProblems with Ethnicity and Race in the Classroom855 Words   |  3 PagesEDUC 1104: Ethnicity and Race remain significant problems in today’s British education system. Discuss. In today’s British education system there still are significant problems regarding ethnicity and race. The problems include the idea that specific races are not doing as well as their counterparts even though they may be taught in the same way yet there are suggestions to say that the education system is institutionally racist. Can this explain why some races do better than other races? EthnicityRead MoreExamples Of Critical Thinking And Abortion1564 Words   |  7 PagesCritically Thinking and Abortion Critical thinking is one of the most valuable tools that an individual can use in their lives to solve a problem. There are many groups of dynamics within a situation that can influence it such as religion, gender, age, culture, and even ethnicity. In this essay, I will focus on diversity and ethics when thinking critically and the roles that they play when trying to solve a problem, specifically abortion. When exposing diversity in critical thinking, it enables a wideRead MoreLiberal Arts Education : Becoming A Successful Consultant At Boston Consulting Group969 Words   |  4 Pagesperception of Liberal Arts education has started to evolve over the years. Initially, Liberal Arts education was considered as a form of elitist education where nobles tried to expand on their knowledge on different topics rather than developing certain skills. However, as time is passing Liberal Arts education is becoming synonymous with personal development and critical thinking. While some people still believe that for a secure financial standing practical education such as going to a businessRead MoreEssay on austin educationalissues1652 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Current Issues in Education Debra Austin EDL 807/History and Politics of K-12 Education October 22, 2014 Current Issues in Education Introduction There are a number of critical issues and controversies in K-12 education today. While there is always room for improvement, the federal and state education departments are continuously developing plans and mandates to make necessary changes. In America, education is available to all, no matter ability or disability or socioeconomicRead MoreNetwork And Professional Partnerships For The Community, Home, And Classroom866 Words   |  4 Pagesprotocols clearly and efficiently. Displayed courteous, and strong interpersonal skills with all customer interactions. Discuss test analysis methods with customers. Sample record created –Attention to detail- Data entry per Chain of Custody- Appropriate analysis, project selection, report criteria, labeling, and delivery of sensitive environmental samples for testing and analysis. Shipping Process shipment data: such as weight, charges, space availability, damages, or discrepancies for reporting, accounting

Executive Summary of Target Corp. and JCPenney Example

Essays on Executive Summary of Target Corp. and JCPenney Research Paper Target Corporation and JC Penny are both large companies that have a lot to offer. Both companies have a strong base and have been in business long enough to know and understand what works and what don’t work. Each business offers shares, company benefit packages and both donate to charities. Target and JCP both offer a department store credit account and are easy to compare since they both offer similar services. Although they may seem similar in terms of what they offer, one business is the better business. One company offers something the other company does not. Target Corporation started out as Dayton Dry Goods in the 1900’s. Since then Target has grown largely and the bull’s eye trade mark is known all over the world. Target gives to numerous charities including education and military services. Target also has been shown to be so profitable and generous that since the 1940’s has given 5% of earnings to the community. This makes target and ideal business to the economy. Not only does Target supply jobs and manufacture many of their own goods which supplies more jobs, Target gives money to the community which is used to fuel the economy. Target is a family owned business which means it looks out for family and cares about others families. This makes Target Corporation a great company to work for and do business with. Target has proven to be great for investors. Shares stay near 50.00 a share and are associated with the New York Stock Exchange. Target has an estimated 2011 sales of $67,390.0M, this is a 17.4% income growth. Target has over 355,000 employees. JC Penny is also a popular business and has been around for a long time. JC Penny was established in the 1900’s and was also a dry goods store. In just a few decades JC Penny has grown to over 2,000 retail stores and was widely known among many. The popular JC Penny catalogue debuted in 1963 and is said to be one of the contributors to JC Penny’s large growth. JC Penny is known for giving back to the community and is a large supporter of youth development. This is beneficial to communities where JC Penny stores are located. JC Penny is a great contributor to the community and is responsible for over 150,000 jobs. JC Penny is traded on the New York Stock Exchange and is currently worth around 28.00 a share. Recently JC Penny has shown an increase in the stock market and is still actively competing with its number one competitor Target Corporation. JC Penney has an estimated $17 million in annual sales. This is a decrease from previous years. Overall, both companies are promising and show good hopes for investors and anyone affiliated. If choosing which company to purchase, Target Corporation is the better buy and the better business. Target Corporation employs more employees, gives more back to the community and has a better earnings potential due to the variety of goods sold. Although JC Penney also has a lot to offer, Target Corporation is the better buy and better for the economy.

Palliative Care Services And Facilitate †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Palliative Care Services And Facilitate. Answer: Introduction The government has emphasized on the need of developing aged care policies for the purpose of assisting healthy ageing. The Victorian legislation has reviewed the palliative care services and facilitate the access to expert care for all the people facing the end of life. It is clear the people in their final stage of life ought to expect care and comfort. This indeed ensures that there is quality life in the remaining days. It is evident that in the Australian government there is little written policy about the care of the dying (Zeng, Crimmins, Carriere, Robine, 2016). An analysis was taken on the aged care and palliative policy documents, this included checking on channel to establish the different literature used to keep the record. The documents reviewed included the mainstream media, academic literature, press releases and the Australian government policy documents. The attitude of people have changed recently on the issues in palliative care, death and dying in the aged care. Naturally it is shaped by factors in the cultural beliefs, experiences such as war and accident loss, and the religious or spiritual beliefs (Finch, 2014). Policies promoting autonomy There is need to recognized and embrace autonomy in different ways in aged care and palliative. This is individual responsibility and decision making that are key in this kind of care. The government has come up with ways to facilitate this policies. One of the ways is the incorporation of the consumer voice, in the advanced care plan. This means that people can express the wish to end life, can have different choices and in the jurisdiction of and scope in the approach. The government has the standard clinical practices and observes the wishes of the family. This gives the individual the right to have the personal aspect of deciosion making. He reason to end life should be based on the dying persons case. The government has a strategy to roll out all its citizens to the opportunity to register to the end life plan. The government has effectively set out the age-friendly community. The society should have in mind measures of maintaining the aged population to have a successful ageing tis community the aged are considered in the decision makings of the government plans. The community adopts to the death and dying experiences without any major disruptions to their activities (Wykle, Whitehouse, Morris, 2015). Provision of health education inclusive of the death education is also very critical in the aged community. In this case it is an expressed concern by the physicians and included in the government policies. The Australian parliament report on future ageing showed that awareness was key on the palliative care. Social support is also a key thing that the government has facilitated. The old age people for a long time has lacked and an alternative solution has to be developed in this case. Socialization aspect is very healthy in the old age transition period, so for the old people this kill their loneliness which they are very vulnerable with. Social support add the continuity in the relationship and builds up a sense of bond with the aged (Haber, 2013). The government has enhanced the interpersonal reorientation, which encourages the identity of the aged people, concerns and needs that attributed. Conclusions Health promotion and the palliative care is an appropriate development in the end of life care, mostly in the old age. This enhances the idea of a dignified death in the degenerative diseases mainly cancer. Both address the need to look into the relationships of people who die after long life suffering with chronic illnesses. The government have come up with the policies and measure to enhance a good end of life. References Finch J ( 2014 ). Evaluating mental health services for older people . Oxford : Radcliffe Publishing . Haber D ( 2013 ). Health promotion and ageing: practical applications for health professionals , 4 th edn. New issues in health . New York : Springer . Wykle M , Whitehouse P , Morris D (eds) ( 2015 ). Successful ageing through the life span: intergenerational York : Springer . Zeng Y , Crimmins E , Carriere Y , Robine J (eds) ( 2016 ). Longer life and healthy ageing . New York :

Market Analysis Demographic and Social Culture Factors

Question: Discuss about theMarket Analysisfor Demographic and Social Culture Factors. Answer: Introduction There are several demographic factors that can affect the growth of a business. Demographic features can be used to determine the consumer behaviors and also preferences. The demographic features help in identifying potential customers in an area. Locating a business in an area with customers with similar demographic features will help in maximizing profits and kicking off a business enterprise. The demographic variables that will affect the restaurant business include income distribution, age structure, and population size and population growth rate. The income level affects the purchasing power of the customers. Each and every product appeals to people of certain income bracket. In my case moving the Heritage Village resort to Germany will allow the restaurant to offer high class services to the customers whom majority belong to the middle class and upper class hence have more disposable income which is a great opportunity to the business. Age structure is an important aspect to consider in a business enterprise. What may appeal to one age group may not appeal to another hence then need to note the age bracket so that one can be able to offer services that meet the demand(Casey 2012:38). In Germany 40% of people are between the ages of 25-54 years which implies that moving the restaurant there will be an opportunity to our business to offer more of organic products that appeal to this age group who are health conscious as it can even be seen by the life expectancy of 80 years (Index Mundi 2016). Some of the social cultural factors that will affect my business include language, social greeting, individual versus group goals and non-verbal communication. Moving the business to Germany will mean that interacting with people from a different culture from mine will be a challenge to the business. Getting to understand the culture of the community will take time which will affect the business. The other thing that will affect the restaurant is social greetings and non-verbal communication which are very important in the hospitality industry. The industry requires good customer relations especially at the points of contact to ensure customers feel much welcomed and they will be more than willing to try our services. References Casey, F. (2012). Consumer bahavior: Where do we stand? a marketing management appraisal. On Knowing the Consumer / Edited by Joseph W. Newman.p.38 https://www.coursera.org/learn/market-research/lecture/9RewC/1-1-why-is-consumer-behavior-important-in-the-marketing-process-framework Indexmundi.com. (2016). Germany Age structure - Demographics. [online] Available at: https://www.indexmundi.com/germany/age_structure.html [Accessed 14 Nov. 2016].

Writing A Sample UC Essay - Find Out Why You Should Use Online Services

Writing A Sample UC Essay - Find Out Why You Should Use Online ServicesIf you're a student or perhaps just starting to think about college, you might have heard that you should write a sample UC essay. The most common way to get one is to make use of the free writing services offered by many colleges. However, if you're in an area where your university doesn't offer such a service, or if you simply don't have the time to do so, then you could always use an online service.What an online service will do for you is provide you with the option of editing your sample UC essay to fit a certain standard. The student version of this could be less than two hundred words long and you can tailor it to match that. After you're done, you'll get the opportunity to use it, edit it again, and finally submit it back to the university.Just because you've got the chance to write the sample UC does not mean that you should ignore the importance of your personal information. Simply check the information provided by the service, and make sure that you're able to send them back your personal information. By doing so, they have the chance to verify the accuracy of your information and to fix any errors that may be in the list.You should also make use of the search facility provided by the online service, as well. This is very important, because if the site doesn't provide you with all the options, then you should just choose the first one that you find. If they don't provide you with a contact number, then you need to ask if they have any questions about the sample UC, or if they'd like any corrections to be made.The essay writing samples given by these sites are often pretty comprehensive, but even if you don't use a lot of the information given, the simple fact that it was provided at all is a great asset. You want to ensure that they are providing you with all the proper information. A good example would be if a company gave you a sample that included a material in which the real e state agent was instructed to take down notes of a specific property, such as the location of a particular tree or an entry in the property.A great point of reference would be to look at the information that was in the sample itself. If the site gives you a number of names and addresses for the property owner, then you would be well served to use those details, and if they provide you with a telephone number and a physical address, then you should use those too.Another basic principle is that you should be able to edit your sample UC essay after submitting it. This means that you should be able to add details, to remove or change any inaccuracies, and even to clarify any doubts or problems that you may have. When using an online service, you may also get an automated email confirmation, or you may get the opportunity to interact directly with a human in the online service.

Life Cycle Essay Example

Life Cycle Essay . Many products and services often pass a life cycle while there are many shapes depending on their industries. They newly emerge in the society, start to sell to be widespread, become saturated in the market and then gradually get out of date. This sequence of product and service is called the product life cycle. Smartphone also passes such natural path. According to the next web (2011), first smartphone brand was Ericsso’s GS88 in 1997. A touchscreen smartphone, which is widespread now, was launched by Apple a decade after the first smartphone brand was launched (ibid). The iPhone was the smartphone which a consumer would really desire at that time (ibid). There was a big difference between old smartphone and a touch-panel smartphone such as iPhone. Therefore, new product life cycle may be considered to start since iPhone emerged. In theory, the product cycle is divided into five stages: development, introduction, growth, maturity and decline (Lee and Carter, 2012 and Gerry et al, 2010). In development term, a new product concept, which is different from ones in the market, is developed (ibid). In introduction phase, a new product is launched with large cost on advertisement yet its return is quite small. In growth stage, its quality is improved and booming the product and attracted buyers by it lead to its increasing sales while competition is increasing (ibid). In maturity period, its sales are the highest however its sales growth rate is decreasing. And also its marketplace becomes saturation and more competitive and then consumers purchasing power become stronger (ibid). In decline stage, its sales began to fall and also its price decrease to be very competitive (ibid). We will write a custom essay sample on Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Life Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Life Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The smartphone would be between growth stage and maturity stage nowadays because the sales amount of touchscreen smartphone increase. For example, iPhone’s sales as of 3nd quarter in 2012 went up by around 30% over 3rd quarter in 2011 (knowyourcell, 2012). Galaxy’s sales are also in the similar condition. Yet, at the same time, many competitors such as Lenovo, ZTE and Xiaomi. swwwww entered in this market, which is characteristic of maturity stage (Beer, 2012). Hoffer (1975) argues that the life cycle is the fundamental framework in order to understand market and build adequate strategies in each stage. According to Hoffer (1975), on a product introduction stage, building on advertisement is important. An informative advertisement would be essential to make a targeted market aware. And also high pricing are pointed out as strategies in this stage (Wind, 1981). Anderson (1984) argued that a strategic segmentation and production and marketing efficiencies might be essential in growth stage. In addition, catching customers’ needs would crucial to be initiative in the markets. In addition, MacMillan et al. 1982) state that satisfying demands is crucial in high growth stage and then a wide range of products targeting many consumers will emerge in low growth stage. Based on Hall (1980), focusing on efficiency achieving the low cost and the highest product, service and quality differentiated position is important in maturity stage. As strategies in declining stage, continuing productions without existing in some industries would be pointed out and having advantages including good re lationship with consumers and vertical integration might be build (Harrigan, 1979). Both Apple and Samsung have done the well-built strategies based on life cycle theory although their strategies are quite different. The advertisement of the first model of iPhone, which is the introducer of touch-screen smartphone, was good at noticing and instructing new product (YouTube, 2007). It advertised new product telling consumers that there have never been eye pad you can do like this. It taught people how to turn on iPhone, listen to music, watch video, call, and brow internet using iPhone (ibid). On the other hand, Samsung Galaxy started to sell since 2009 after iPhone gradually stared to be known in the market. It has many range of product such as Galaxy S, R, W, M and Y targeting many layer of people (Samsung, 2012), which is proper strategy to growth stage based on MacMillan et al idea (1982). The numbers of adopter of new products diffuse at different speed with affecting to products sales amounts. This diffusion process is explained as Innovation diffusion curve defined by Rogers (1962). This cave is also categorised in five stages similar to the product life cycle: Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards (Baines et al, 2011). Innovators are the first group of users and customers of the new products and services (ibid). These people are interested in innovative and technological products (ibid). They are often young, high educated, in good living standard and confident (ibid). The number is so small and only 2. 5% of the population of buyers (ibid). However they are important because they are the people who cutting edge the process (ibid). According to Roger (2003), they often have innovative idea and share their idea, time and creativity with people. They can act the tipping point to widespread the products in the society (ibid). According to Rogers’ theory, iPhone users are innovators or loyalty users, who transferred from iPod. In other word, they may be considered as ‘cool people’, who were often attracted by Apple’s hip hop advertisement (Berinato, 2011). According to Berinato (2011), Apple’s target is mentally ‘Tan’ people who like to be a cool. It is possible to argue that these ‘cool’ people become a tipping point to popularise a touch-screen smartphone. Then, what is considered as conflict between Apple and Samsung? Why Samsung use obviously attacking advertisement against Apple? YouTube, 2012). Such advertisement implies that Samsung targets would include the Apple users, who are considered ‘cool’. And also it may be possible that Samsung want its brand image to be ‘cool’ as attaching Apple. Apple is struggling to keep its users by using many marketing strategies while Samsung also use every possible means to gain A pple’s users. They are competing with each other using their own marketing strategies, which will be explain in the following sections, in order to differentiate from others in a smartphone market. Bibliography The new web. 2011). The history of the smartphone. Available: http://thenextweb. com/mobile/2011/12/06/the-history-of-the-smartphone/. Last accessed 14th Novemebr 2012. Kiefer Lee and Steve Carter (2012). Global Marketing Management. 3rd ed. Oxford: OUP Oxford. PP298-299. Gerry Johnson, Richard Whittington and Kevan Scholes (2010). Exploring Strategy. 9th ed. Italy: Financial Times/ Prentice Hal. PP62-65. Hoffer C. W.. (1975). Toward a contingency theory of business strategy. Academy of Management Journal. (18), pp784-810. Wind J.. (1981). Product life cycle. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. (), . Carl R. Anderson and Carl P. Zeithaml. (1984). Stage of the Product life cycle, Business Strategy, and Business Performance. Academy of Management Journal. 27 (No. 1), pp5-24. MacMillan, I. , Hambrick D. and Day D.. (1975). The product portfolio and profitability. Academy of Management Journal. 27 (18), pp784-810. Hall W. K.. (1980). Survival strategies in a ho stile environment. Harvard Business Review. (), pp75-85. Harrigan K. R.. (1979). Strategies for declining businesses.. Harvard University. (), . Paul Baines, Chris Fill and Kelly Page (2011). Marketing. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp311-312. Everett M. Rogers (2003). Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press. pp221. Beer, J 2012, APPLE SMASHER, Canadian Business, 85, 17, pp. 54-57, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 14 November 2012. knowyourcell. (2012). iPhone vs. Galaxy S3: The numbers are in . Available: http://www. knowyourcell. com/news/1502227/iphone_vs_galaxy_s3_the_numbers_are_in. html. Last accessed 14th Novemebr 2012. YouTube. (2007). Apple iPhone TV Ads. Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=0lfmlKYZ-vUamp;noredirect=1. Last accessed 17 November 2012. YouTube. (2012). Samsung Galaxy S3 Ad. Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=QR8A3T6sPzU. Last accessed 17 November 2012. Samsung. (2012). Samsung Smartphone. Available: http://www . samsung. com/hk_en/consumer/mobile/mobile-phones/smartphone/. Last accessed 17 November 2012. Berinato, S 2011, The Demographics of Cool, Harvard Business Review, 89, 12, pp. 136-137, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 November 2012.